[Publication] EU regions in the transformation towards a climate-neutral future

The analysed best-practice examples are very differentiated and focus on one selected area of economic activity or try to implement a holistic transformation throughout all sectors of economy. The most important topic tackled is transport and mobility, other prominent issues addressed are power generation, and technologies enabling the transition. Furthermore, solutions for the agri-food system, and more generally the just transition to climate neutrality, could also be covered. The key roles in the process of transformation are played by the regional or local administration, which is in charge of the initiative’s coordination and/or implementation, usually together with other stakeholders (such as municipalities, companies, NGOs and civil society). The private sector plays a strong role as well, or even takes  the lead over the initiative.

The main barriers for the transformation are the lack of involvement of citizens and the general attachment to the status quo. Not yet existing results of the initiatives, that could have otherwise been shown to, and motivate, inhabitants toward action, weaken the implementation of transformation. At the same time, the absence of targets and monitoring systems as well as the lack of experts, know-how, and resources in smaller regions, or within single municipalities, are also internal barriers. The dependency on external financial support entails a significant vulnerability to any changes in the processing of funding. Furthermore, a lack of regional autonomy for climate related decisions, dependency on complex interrelations with frameworks in the neighbouring regions, the national level, and the continent have also had a hindering influence on the progress towards climate neutrality.

The effective solutions can best be achieved when the internal capabilities, such as the openness to innovation and experimentation as well as experience in the development of strategies for climate neutrality and expertise are provided within the region. Smooth and efficient use of available financing sources for the transition process and further innovation move the transition forward. Inclusion of external experts and gradual detachment from external funding are also beneficial for regions on their way towards climate neutrality. It is essential that a well-performing model of a climate-neutral economy (in one sector or as a whole) is established. Then, it can gradually spread out to other areas and sectors. Small functional regions and islands are especially favourable to innovative projects for climate neutrality.

For the success of a climate neutrality initiative, it is crucial to find appropriate motivation and dedication in the region. A participatory character and communication with the citizens including experts and all relevant stakeholders are also indispensable for a successful transformation. Internationalisation, communication, and networking outside the region, as well as being part of a network together with other regions, are a valuable source of information and support regarding success stories and avoidable mistakes.